History of Sindh - Before Arab Rule

Following inline points discuss the history of Sindh before the Invasion of Arabs in Sindh in short.

• Indus Valley Civilization dates back from 3000 BC to 1500 BC.
• Indus Valley Civilization is also known by Indus Civilization & Harappan Civilization
• Indus Valley Civilization relates to Bronze Age Civilization.
• Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro were the largest cities of the Indus Civilization.
• Sites of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa were declared UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980.
• The site of Harappa was excavated by Sir John Hubert Marshal in 1921.
• The site of Mohenjo-Daro was excavated by R.D Banerji in 1922
• Aryans came to Sindh from Central Asia and Serbia.
• Hindu word was coined by Persians from Sanskrit word ‘Sindhu’ in 550s BC during the Achaemenian empire. And Cyrus was the founder of the Achaemenian dynasty who once ruled up to Sindh.
• Aryans came to Sindh from Central Asia and Serbia.
• The systematic excavations under the direction of John Marshall (Director General of Archaeological Survey of India, who was appointed by Viceroy Lord Curson), at Harappa in Punjab and Mohenjo-Daro in Sindh, revealed the pre-Aryan civilization dating back to 3000 BC.
• The oldest civilization of the Indian subcontinent excavated so far is at Mehrgarh which dates back to the history of Neolithic settlements in 8000 BC.
• The site of Makli (Thatta, Sindh) is the largest necropolis (land having graveyard) in the world.
• Devanagari Script (Script of the City of Gods) is the language perfected during the Gupta period in the 4th Century.
• Following languages were introduced and used before the Sindhi language as scripts during different periods:
• Brahmi script (8th century BC)
• Kharoshti script (5th century BC)
• Aramaic script (during Persian empire)
• Devanagari script (4th century AD, during Gupta period)
• As per the evidence of archaeology, Harappan cities including Mohenjo-Daro were abandoned in 1500 BC.
• The Ice Age that depleted the oceans provided man the opportunity to reach the far continents of Australia and the Americas by land.
• The first great wave of nomads to overrun Sindh were the Aryans in 1500 BC.
• The Medes had established an empire that in the 7th-6th century BC, included modern Iran and extended up to the Indus River in the east and modern Turkey and Syria in the west.
• The Medes were defeated and their capital Ecbatana (Hamadan in modern Iran) was captured in 550 BC by Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Achaemenian dynasty of Pars.
• As per the inscription on the tomb of the Achaemenian King Darius, Hindu (current Sindh) was the province of the Achaemenian empire.
• The Achaemenians used Aramaic as the official script all over their empire which later gave birth to the oldest known Pakistani script which is Kharoshti.
• The Macedonian King, Alexander the Great defeated the last Achaemenian King of Kings Darius III at the battle of Gaugamela on 1st October 331 BC.
• After defeating Darius III, Alexander sailed from Jhelum in October 326 BC for the river Indus, driving with his army and armada of about 2000 boats.
• Alexander the Great annexed Sindh in 326 BC and defeated Raja Porus near Jhelum.
• Sambus of Sindimana is old name of Sehwan.
• Alexander died in June 323 BC in Babylon near modern Baghdad.
• Acesines (Greek name) is the old name of Chenab.
• Alexander appointed and handed over territories of Punjab and Sindh to Porus who was later murdered by Chandragupta Maurya and captured his territories. 
• The capital of Chandragupta Maurya kingdom was Patliputra (Patna).
• Seleucus Nikator was the successor of Alexander in the east formally surrendered the territories including Sindh to Chandragupta in 303 BC.
• Grandson of Chandragupta, the great Maurya King Ashoka converted Sindh to Buddhism. 
• The Mauryan empire ended when the Sunga, the commander-in-chief of the Mauryan army killed the last Malayan king and seized the throne in 185 BC.
• Purushapura is the old name of Peshawar which was the capital during the Kushan empire in 120 AD of Kanishka, the famous third king from Yueh-chi tribes.
• The great war fought among cousins, Mahabharata on the field of Kurukshetra, north of Delhi in 3102 BC.
• The story of Mahabharata was composed between 400 BC to 400 AD.
• According to Mahabharata, Jayaratha the Prince of Sindh fought in the great war side by side with the Aryan aristocracy.
• The legendary Sassanian (Persia Kingdom) King Bahram V, Bahram Gur (423 – 438 AD) married an Indian Princess and received the port of Debal in Sindh as her dowry. 
• Rao (Rajput) dynasty came into power in Sindh in 489 A.D and their capital was at Alor near Rohri Sukkur.
• The Kingdom of Rao extended to Multan in the north and Makran in the west.
• Persians invaded the Rao kingdom in 626 A.D but they turned back as they had come under attack in the west by Emperor Heraclius of Byzantium.
• The attack of Emperor Heraclius expelled the Persians from Egypt and invaded Iraq. This resulted ruling of Rao Sahsi II over Sindh.
• The Brother-in-law of Chach was the king of Kashmir.
• The Brahman Chach took employment with ruler Rao Sahasi II and married his Queen Suhandi after Sahsi II died in 652 AD and then Chach seized the throne and proclaimed himself King.
• Chach died in 671 AD, then his brother Chandar ascended the throne at Alor and ruled for 7 years.
• Chandar was succeeded in 679 AD by the sons of Chach, one of them named Raja Dahir ruled at Alor while the other brother Raja Dahirsiya ruled at Brahminabad. When Dahirsiya died, Dahir occupied Brahminabad.
• The long struggle between the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius and Persian Emperor Khusrau Pervez weakened both empires and led to their overthrow by the Arabs. This made the Arabs the sole power linking the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean. Different naval and land expeditions were made towards Sindh to control it but couldn’t be succeeded during the Caliphate period of Umar and Usmaan.